Syllabus
Andhra University Post Graduation Program, M.Sc Microbiology (Final) Industrial Microbiology & Medical - Practicals Syllabus
Periods/week: 8
Duration of Examination: 6 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
1. Fermentative production of ethyl alcohol by Yeast.
2. Production of Citric acid by Aspergillus niger.
3. Microbiological assay of Vitamin B12, amino acid - Lysine/Glutamic acid, antibiotic (Streptomycin)
4. Production of protease/glucose isomerase by batch fermentation.
5. Enzyme and whole cell immobilization.
6. Preparation of fermented product - Yogurt from milk.
7. Preparation of Biofertilizer and Biopesticides.
8. Strain improvement using a chemical mutagens.
9. Production, extraction and purification of any antibiotic.
10. Preparation of different media used in diagnostic microbiology.
11. Laboratory examination of sputum: Collection of sputum. Microbiological examination of sputum for pus cells and predominant bacteria. Ziehl-Neelsen staining to detect AFB culturing the specimen.
12. Collection of throat swabs - culturing the specimen.
13. Laboratory examination of pus and skin specimens for Staphylococcus aurcus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
14. Examinations of urine for pathogenic microorganisms - collection of urine, microscopic examination of Urine, comparison of normal specimen with unitary track infection sample - The Enterobacteriaceae - Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis. Urine cultures, single colonies, seeding in peptone water and Christensen’s urea medium. Examination of blood agar nutrient agar and Mac COA plate cultures
15. Mycology - Laboratory diagnosis of fungal diseases. Direct microscopy - cultures using Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar medium - Fungi pathogenic for humans - Filamentous fungi, yeasts, yeast-like fungi, and dimorphic fungi. Aspergillus niger, Nocardia, Candida albicans.
16. Medical Parasitology - E. histolytica, G. laniblia, Trypanaosinas, Leishmania and Plasmodium.
17. Laboratory diagnosis of common helminth infections.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program, M.Sc Microbiology (Final) Microbial Genetics & Immunology - Practicals Syllabus
Periods/week: 8
Duration of Examination: 6 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
1. Isolation of DNA (from bacterial)
2. Isolation of RNA (yeast)
3. Isolation of Plasmid DNA
4. Restriction enzyme digestion - ligation of plasmid DNA
5. Trans formation
6. Bacteriophage titration - Plaque Forming Units (PFU)
7. UV survival curve of E.coli or any other bacteria.
8. Study of repair mechanism for damage caused by UV radiation
9. Induction of P-galactosidase in E coli.
10. Isolation of mutants using EMS (Ethyl Methonyl Sulfonate)
11. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
12. Demonstration of protoplast fusion
13. Interrupted mating experiments during the study of conjugation
14. Serological tests - Widal test, VDRL test, Haemagglutination test, WBC count. ion Haemoglobin estimation, RBC count, bleeding time, - Rate (ESR), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Blood grouping. Rh factor, ELISA
15. Diagnosis of infectious diseases using Western blotting
16. Separation of serum - Immunoelectrophoresis
17. Immuno blotting
18. Ouchterlony double diffusion
19. Radial Immunodiffusion
20. Immunoprecipitation and precipitin curve
21. Pregnancy test
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Final) Fermentation & Industrial Microbiology Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
Unit - 1:
An introduction to fermentation processes - the range of fermentation processes. Microorganisms used in industrial microbiological processes - the isolation, preservation and strain improvement of industrially important microorganisms, screening methods, isolation of autotrophic mutants. Use of recombinant system for the improvement of industrial microorganisms.
Media and materials required for industrial microbiological processes - sources, formulation, antifoams and optimization.
Unit - 2:
Microbial growth kinetics, batch culture, continuous culture, fed-batch culture, applications and examples, scale up of fermentation processes. Sterilization of media, fermentor and feeds, Inoculum development for large scale bioprocesses.
Unit - 3:
Design of a Fermentor: Functions, construction, and maintenance of aseptic conditions. Control of various parameters, types of fermentors, computer applications in fermentation technology. Aeration and agitation (Non-newdonian fermentations). Recovery and purification of fermentation products. Fermentation economics.
Unit - 4:
Industrial products produced by microorganisms - Enzymes (amylase, proteases), organic acids (lactic acid, citric acid, vinegar), amino acids (L-lysine, L-glutamic acid), food supplement and hormones. Production of important antibiotics - penicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, bacitracin and tetracyclines. Production of Vitamins B12 & Ethyl alcohol, beer & wine. Baker’s yeast production. Microbial transformation of Steroids.
Unit - 5:
Enzyme probes-b io sensors, biochips, biofilms and biosurfactants. Biodiversity conservation methods. Petroleum microbiology - microbiology and microbial leaching - role of microorganisms in the recovery of minerals (uranium, copper) from ores. Deterioration of’ materials - paper, textiles, painted surfaces, prevention of microbial deterioration. Biotransformation, biodegradation. Analytical Microbiology - microbiological assays of Vitamins (riboflavin, B12), amino acids (lysine, tryptophan) and antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin).
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Industrial Microbiology by Casida. LE, New age International (P) Limited, Publishers.
2. Industrial Microbiology by Prescott & Dunns, AVI Publishing Company Inc.
3. Industrial Microbiology by A.H. Patel.
4. Principles of Fermentation Technology by P.F. Stanbury, A. Whitaker and S.J. Hall, Butterworth Heineman, Aditya Books (P) Ltd.
5. A text book of Industrial Microbiology by Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger, Panima Publishing Corporation.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Final) Molecular Biotechnology Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
Unit - 1:
r-DNA technology - Isolation of nucleic acids, DNA sequencing, Maxam-Gelbert and Di-deoxy methods. Restriction endonucleases, restriction maps, Southern and Northern blotting DNA finger printing, PCP, RELP, RAPD, AFLP & QTLS.
Unit - 2:
Cloning vectors - Plasmids, properties of plasmids, isolation, cosmids and bacteriophages. Ligation DNA ligases, ligation of fragments with cohesive ends & blunt, ends, homopolymer tailing, cloning strategies - shot gun experiments, gene libraries. Isolation of poly mRNA, synthesis of cDNA, cloning of cDNA in bacteria. Isolation of cloned genes, identification of recombinants, structural and functional analysis of recombinants.
Unit -3:
Gene expression - expression of cloned genes in bacteria, yeast, plant and animal cells, Western blotting. Analysis of Gene Expression. Application of recombinant DNA technology in biology , plant, medicine, genetic diseases, gene therapy. Genetically engineered microorganisms and intellectual property rights. Methods of whole viable cell immobilization, enzyme immobilization, isolation of immobilized enzymes and cells, enzyme reactors, bioreactors, practical enzyme reactor kinetics.
Unit - 4:
Nucleic acid probe technology. DNA microarray: printing of oligonucleotides and PCR products on glass slides, nitrocellulose paper. Whole genome analysis for global patterns of gene expression using fluorescent labelled cDNA or end labelled RNA probes. Analysis of single nucieotide polymorphisms using DNA chips. Proteome analysis: Two-dimensional separation of total cellular proteins, isolation and sequence analysis of individual protein spots by mass spectroscopy. Protein microarray Advantages and disadvantages of DNA and protein microarrays.
Unit - 5:
Biofertilizers - Introduction, Biofertilizers using nitrogen fixing microbes - phosphate solubilization Rhizobium, Azatobacter, Azospirillum, Azolla,- Anabena symbiosis, blue-green algae, Mycorrhiza, Blopesticides - Toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas syringae, Biological control - use of Baculovirus, NPV virus, protozoa and fungi in biological control. Microbial energy commercial production of biogases - microorganisms involved and advantages of biogases.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Principles of gene manipulation by R.W. Old & S.B. Primrose. Blackwell Science
2. Molecular Biotechnology by Bernard R. Glick & Jack J. Pasternak.
3. Recombinant DNA by James, Watson, Micheal Gilman Jan Witkowsk. Scientific American Books
4. Basic Biotechnology by Colin Ratledge & Bjorn Christiansen, Cambridge University Press.
5. Biotechnology by John E. Smith. Cambridge University Press.
6. Molecular Biology of Gene by Watson (Benjamin Cummings), Publishing Company Inc.
7. Molecular Cloning, 3 volumes by Sambrose & Russell, SCML Press.
8. Molecular Biology by David & Freifelder -John & Barlett, Narosa Publishing House.
9. From Genes to Genomes by Jeremy W. Dale & Malcom Von Schantz. John-Wile Publishers.
10. A passion for DNA - Genes, Genomics & Society by James D. Watson. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Final) Medical Microbiology & Virology Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
Unit - 1:
Normal microbial flora of human body, host-microbe interactions. Infection and infectious process routes of transmission of microbes in the body. Description and pathology of diseases caused by bacteria; Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Gonococcus, Enterobacteiaceae, E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Vibrio cholera, Brucella, Haemophilus influenzae; pathogenic anaerobes, Tetanus, Clostridia Corynebacteria, Wycobacteria, Spirochaetes.
Unit - 2:
Fungi: Description and pathology of diseases Caused by Aspergillus Pencillium, kfucolnycosis, Blastomycosis, Microsporosis, Rhinosporidiian, Epidermophycosis.
Protozoa: Description and pathology of diseases caused by Leishmania donavani, .
L. Tropica, Trypanosoma gambiense; intestinal flagellates; Trichomonas, Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica. Malarial parasites, Helminthes: Ascaris lumbricoids, Hook worm. Pin worm; Filarial parasites.
Unit -3:
Laboratory diagnosis of common infective syndromes and parasitic manifestations, Methods of transmission and role of vectors - biology of vectors. 1. House fly 2. Mosquitoes 3. Sandfly. Need and significance of epidemiological studies. Principles of chemotherapy, Mode of antibiotics: Penicillin, Streptomycin, Sulfonamides, and Polymyxins Antifungal drugs (Nystatin), Antiviral agents. Problems of drug resistance and drug sensitivity. Drug resistance in bacteria.
Unit -4:
Molecular Virology: Animal viruses, infection on host. Oncogenic viruses (tumor viruses) DNA containing oncogenic viruses, papova, human adenovirus, RNA containing oncogenic viruses, retroviruses (Onco RNA viruses), AIDS virus. Unclassified viruses, Hepatitis viruses.
Bacterial phages & viruses - Structure and replication of RNA and DNA bacteriophages, X 174 phages, lambda phage, lytic and lysogenic cycle, Ff phage, MS2, F2, QB, μ phages. Viral interference; Antiviral agents - chemical and biological agents - Interferon - Nomenclature, types and classification. Induction of interferon, types of inducers. Inactivation of viruses - Photodynamic inactivation.
Unit -5:
Viral diseases: Description and pathology of diseases caused by pox viruses; herpes virus (Chicken Poxzoster); myxo and paramyxo viruses; adenovirus, other respiratory viruses, viruses affecting nervous system, enterovirus, reovirus, viral hepatitis, HIV virus, rickettsiae.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Medical Microbiology by David Green wood Richard slack & John Peuthrer. Churchill Livingston Company.
2. Text book of Medical Parasitology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
3. Parasitology by K.P. Chattergee.
4. Medical Microbiology by Jawelz, Melnick, Geo R. Brokes Me Graw-Hill Company.
5. Medical Microbiology by Anantanarayan & Panekar Orient Longman Limited.
6. Practical Medical Microbiology by Mackic & Mc Carteney.
7. Bacterial Diseases by Wilson & Topley.
8. Medical Microbiology by Cruckshank - vol. I & vol. II
9. General Virology by Luria & Parnel.
10. Virology by Dimmock.
11. Textbook Virology by Rhodes & Van Royen.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program, M.Sc Microbiology (Final) Immunology Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
Unit - 1:
Cellular Immunology - infection immunity, components oil immune system and cell types and organs, nature of immunity, specificity, immunological memory of immune system. Phylogeny and ontogeny of immunity. Cell lineage - bone marrow, thymus spleen lymph nodes. Types of immune cells, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes. macrophages, cell mediated immunity and lymphokine activated killer cells, clonal nature of the immune response - clonal selection theory.
Unit - 2:
Chemical aspects of immunology - Nature of antigens: antibody structure. classification of antibodies and functions of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE; primary and secondary immune response; serological analysis of antibodies - isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes. Antibody diversity. antigen receptors on Band T lymphocytes. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) restriction, lymphokinases. Reactions of immunity - antitoxins. neutralization of toxin with antitoxin; agglutinins and agglutination reactions, precipitants; lysins, complement fixation reaction, classic and alternative pathways and functions. Opsonins and opsonocytophagic reaction.
Unit -3:
ELISA, RIA, immune blot, immunoflourescence, agglutination, precipitation in liquids and semisolids (Ouchterlony Technique), Immunodiffusion, Immuno electromicroscopy. Immune response to infectious diseases: viral infections, bacterial infections, and protozoan diseases. Immune response in AIDS.
Unit - 4:
Applied Immunology - Hypersensitivity - immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. Forms of Immunity - nonspecific resistance, antigens, antibodies cogential (primary) immunodeficiencies, autoimmune processes, transplantation immunity, Tumor immunology, .immunological tolerance and immunosuppression. Immune deficiency diseases. Immunotherapy of infectious diseases; Types and principles of immunization; vaccinoprophyl axis, vaccinotherapy, serotherapy. Development Of immuno diagnostic kits.
Unit - 5:
Hybridoma techniques and monoclonal antibody production - Myeloma cell lines, fusion of myeloma cells with antibody producing B-cells, fusion methods. Selection and screening methods for positive hybrids, cloning methods. Production, purification and characterization of monoclonal antibodies. Applications of monoclonals in biomedical research, clinical diagnosis and treatment. Vaccines development and production, vaccine expression system. Production of rabies vaccine, foot & mouth disease vaccine and hepatitis-13 vaccine. DNA vaccines.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1 . Immunology & Immunopatholog by Stewart.
2. Cellular and Molecular Immunology by Abul K. Abbas et al.
3. Text book of immunology by Barret.
4. Essential immunology by Roitt. Brostoff, Male, Harcourt Brace & Company (5th edition). Mosby (6th Edition)
5. Immunology by Kuby by Richard A. Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindt. Barbara A. Osborne, Freeman & Company Mosby publishers.
6. Molecular Biotechnology by Bernard R. Glick & Jack J. Pasternak.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Final) Molecular Biology & Microbial Genetics Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
Unit - 1:
Structural organization of chromosomes in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Structural hierarchy of chromosomes. Centromeres and telomeres. Proof of DNA & RNA as genetic material transformation experiments, Blender’s experiments. Properties of genetic materials, storage and transmission of genetic information. Recombination. Fine Structure analysis.
Unit - 2:
DNA Replication - enzyme and proteins involved in replication. Mechanism of replication - initiation, polymerization, termination, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The fine structure of gene. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic promoters. Mechanism of transcription and transcriptional activators, types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. rRNA’s of Archaebacteria, E.coli, eubacteria and eukaryotes. Plasmids - types, plasmid DNA properties. Sex plasmid F and its derivatives, drug resistance ® plasmids. The Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium. Plasmids in eukaryotes.
Unit - 3:
The genetic code - deciphering the genetic code, theory of triplet code, elucidation of base composition of codons, identification of stop, start codons, universality of the code, redundancy of the code, the decoding system. Structure of ribosomes and genetic regulation of ribosomal assembly Protein synthesis -, steps, details of initiation, elongation and termination, role of various factors in the above steps, inhibitors of protein synthesis. Synthesis of transport proteins on membrane bound ribosomes, signal hypothesis. Invitro transcription and translation systems. Role of RNA in protein biosynthesis, regulation of gene expression at the level of transcription and translation - operon concept -Lac–Arabnose- Trypophan, Histidiae - repression; Regulatory diversity in bacteria. Stringent response and regulation by small molecules cAMP.
Unit - 4:
Mutations - Terminology, types of mutations, Biochemical basis of mutants, mutagenesis - base analogue mutagens, chemical mutagens, intercalating substances, mutator genes. Site directed mutagenesis, mutational hot spots, Reversion, second site revertants, frame shift mutations. carcinogens, screening of mutants. UV damage of DNA and repair.
Unit - 5:
Hybridization in yeast, control of mating type loci in yeast. Transposable elements - transposition. Types of bacterial transposons, duplication of target sequence at an insertion site. Deletion and inversion caused by transposons. Transposable elements in eukaryotes. Retroposons.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Molecular Biology by David Freifelder, Narosa Publishing House.
2. Molecular Biology by P.C. Turner.
3. Cell and Molecular Biology by E.B.P. De Robertis. Lippincott Williams S-, Wilkins.
4. Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish & Baltimore.
5. Molecular Biology of the Gene by Watson Roberts, Steitx Wainer. The Benjamin/Cummuings Put, Publishing Company Inc
6. Microbial Genetics by Stanley R. Malog.
7. Genes - VII by Benjamin Lewen.
8. Cell Biology by Alberts, Bay Johnson.
9. From Genes to Genomes by Jeremy co-rale and Malcolm van Scnantz.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Previous) - Biochemical Techniques - Practical - Syllabus
Periods/week: 8
Duration of Examination: 6 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
1. Qualitative tests of Carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins & nucleic acids.
2. Estimation of reducing sugar Estimation of sucrose in presence of glucose.
3. Assay of microbial enzymes (any two) - Amylase, Protease, Catalase, Urease, Galactosidase, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Cellulase & Glucose oxidase.
4. Molecular weight determination of enzymes / proteins by Gel filtration, SDS-PAGE.
5. Estimation of proteins by Biuret method, Folin-Ciocalteau method, Micro kjeldhal method, Ultraviolet spectroscopy of proteins.
6. Determination of pKa value of amino acids.
7. Paper Chromatography of amino acids, sugars, and purine and pyrimidine bases.
8. Colorimetric determination of any one amino acids.
9. Estimation of Inorganic and Organic Phosphates.
10. Separation of pigments by adsorption chromatography
11. Thin Layer chromatography separation - sugars & lipids
12. Isolation & Assay of microbial enzymes enzymes (any one) - Catalase, Amylase, Pyrophosphatase, Protease,lnvertase.
13. Enzyme Kinetics(for one enzyme)-substrate and enzyme concentration curves, pH curve, determination of Km and Vmax values
14. Estimation of nucleic acids - DNA, RNA - (Diphenylamine, Orcinol)
15. Group experiments:
a) Isolation of DNA & RNA.
b) Demonstration of ammonification & nitrification.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Previous) - Microbiological Methods - Practical - Syllabus
Periods/week: 8
Duration of Examination: 6 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
1. Isolation methods - Pour plate, Streak plate and Dilution methods. Staining methods - Gram’s stain. Capsule staining. Cell wall staining. Indian Ink Method or Hiss’s method. Demonstration of granules in bacterial cells - Albert’s method, Neisser’s method, Acid-fast staining by Ziehl-Neelsen’s method. Flagella and spore stain. Detection of motility by hanging drop method, Negative stain.
2. Selective and indicator media - Crystal violet blood agar, Potassium tellurite blood agar, Neomycin blood agar , Salt nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, Phenolphthalein phosphate nutrient agar and Aesculin bile medium.
3 Enumeration of bacteria Quantitative estimation of microorganisms - total and viable counts. Growth curve, Bacterial growth measurement, viable count by spread plate method, colony count. Enumeration by dry weight and turbidometric methods,
4. Drinking water quality test by MPN method.
5. Metabolic tests - Catalase and Oxidase tests. Indole reaction. Methyl red and VogesProskauer reactions, citrate utilization, starch and gelatin hydrolysis; H2S production.
6. Isolation & Identification of known & unknown bacteria.
7. Microbial assay of antibiotics (Penicillin).
8. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests.
9. Determination of BOD value of sewage.
10. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand.
11. Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen.
12. Culturing of anaerobic microorganisms
13. Estimation of ammonical nitrogen and nitrate.
14. Microbial sampling of air.
15. Microbiological examination of milk-phosphatase test, methylene blue reduction test.
16. Fungistatic action of food preservatives by plate techniques.
17. Group Experiments:
a) Study of root nodules, isolation of Rhizobium.
b) Study of mycorrhiza in roots of crop plants.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Previous) - Biochemical Techniques and Bioinformatics - Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
Unit - 1:
Microscopy - Principles of light phase, fluorescent & electron microscopes Microtomy – sectioning manometric techniques. Freeze dry drying and its application in biological systems. Radio isotopic tracers - methodology, problems of experimental design, radiometric analysis stable and radioactive isotopes, preparation, labelling, detection and measurement of’ isotopes. RIA. Kinetics of radioactive disintegration
Unit - 2:
Principles of Centrifugation - Centrifugation techniques-preparative and analytical methods, density gradient centrifugation. General principles and applications of Chromatography - Paper, Column, Thin laver, Gas, Ion exchange Affinity chromatography and HPLC. Gel filtration, Electrophoresis - moving boundary, zone (Paper Gel) electrophoresis. Immunoelectrophoresis. Isoelectric focussing.
Unit - 3:
Principles, Laws of absorption and radiation. Visible, ultraviolet, infrared and mass spectrophotometry. Absorption spectra, fluorescence flame photometry, NMR, ESR, Principles of colorimetry, Turbidometry, Viscometry. Determination of size, shape and molecular weight of macromolecules - osmotic pressure, flow birefringence, optical rotatory dispersion, light scattering, diffraction, sedimentation and X-ray, diffusion,
Unit - 4:
MATLAB Variables (scalar, vector, matrix, tensor), hierarchy of arithmetic operators, element wise multiplication and division of Vectors. Transfer control statements IF THEN,ELSE, Repetition structure, ‘for end’, ‘while end’, function programmes. The following programmes for data of any order are to be practiced.
1) PRODUCT, SUM, MIN, MAX, MEAN, Standard Deviation, Correlation coefficient.
2) DET (X), COND (X), INV (X) ‘ ROOTS (X).
3) Graphics: BARPLOT, HISTOGRAM, BOX PLOT’, X - Y PLOT, 3D SURFACE/2D CONTOUR
Unit - 5:
Bioinformatics - (1) Data mining - similarity measures (Eudedean, Mahalonobis etc.), Dissimilarity index - hierarchical & non-hierarchical elements, cluster analysis.
(2) Classification of data bases - Bibliographic, numeric and structure 2D 3D), Biotechnology, Esbiobase, D-gene, SQL - Representation of a data record by relational, frame, hierarchical and object modes. Searching of database - Natural language query-keywords - search strategies - Boolean, Hands on experience on current content abstract database.
(3) Molecular modelling - 2D structure, entry to 2D to 3D conversion, methods Of Structure representation - Cartesian coordinates - internal coordinates, Z-matrix - Dummy atom - ignoring connection, Z-matrix for H20, Glucine, methyal cyanide, ATP are to be practiced. Geometry optimization molecular mechanics.Genornics and proteomics.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Methods in enzymology series.
2. Practical Biochemistry by Keith Willson & J. Walker, Cambridge University Press.
3. Molecular modeling basic principles and applications by Hans-Dieter Holtfe and Gerd Folkers.
4. Iviatlab manual, Maths works, Boston 1994.
5. Bioinformatics methods and protocols, edited by Stephen Misener, S.A. Krawez. Humana Press.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Previous) - Environmental Microbiology Food - Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
Unit – I
Basic concepts of Ecology and Environment - Biological spectrum of’ levels of Organization and the realm of ecology, Ecosystem - concept, components, food chains, food webs and tropic levels. Energy transfer efficiencies between tropic levels. Environmental factors influencing the growth arid survival of in microorganisms Isms. Physical factors - temperature, light, osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure. Chemical factors - pH, 02 and CO2
Biological factors - Inter-reactions of microbial population and community dynamics - Growth in closed environments and in open environments, The kinetic principles of competition between microbial Populations, Kinetic principles of prey-predator relationships.
Unit - 2:
Soil environment - Microorganisms, soil structure, soil profile. Physico-chemical conditions, Microbial composition, sampling techniques, role of microorganism in organic matter decomposition (Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignins), Biogeochemical cycles - Nitrogen cycle - Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, sulphur, iron and phosphorous cycles. Rhizosphere - Rhizosphere microorganisms. Biochelators (siderophores).
Aquatic environment: Fresh water microorganisms, their zonation and characteristics. Salt water, oceans, estuaries, microorganisms their zonation and characteristics. Faecal pollution of waters - waterborne diseases, indicator organisms. IMViC test, sanitary examination of water.
Unit - 3:
Atmospheric environment: Dispersal of airborne microorganisms. isms. Air sampling principles and techniques. Air spora: Concepts and components, indoor and outdoor air spora. Diurnal periodicity patterns, seasonal periodicity patterns. Vertical profiles. Microorganisms and Pollution: Microbial production of methyl mercury, trimethyl arsine, hydrogen sulphide, acid rain water, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, nitrogen oxides, nitrosamines; Eutrophication; algal toxins; Aeroallergens, airborne respiratory infections. Microorganisms and sewage treatment; COD, BOD and DO, trickling filters, activated sludge process, oxidation ponds; sludge treatment (anaerobic digestion); Bioremediation Technology - Microbial degradation of oil spills, pesticides arid detergents, Blofouling; Fate of engineered microorganisms in environmental, Environmental impact assessment studies.
Unit -4:
Microbiology of Foods - Microbial flora of fresh foods, grains, fruits, vegetables, milk. meat, egos and fish and their infestation by bacteria, fungi & viruses. Microbiological examination of foods - microscopic techniques and cultural techniques. Direct microscopic examination, total colony counts and differential enumeration. Identification of specific groups - Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi and Protozoa. Microbial spoilage of milk. food, types of spoilage organisms, food poisoning, mycotoxins and bacterial toxins.
Unit - 5:
Food processing and preservation: Methods of food preservation, Aseptic handling, pasteurization of milk, refrigeration and freezing, dehydration, osmotic pressure, chemicals - organic acids, nitrates, nitrites & cresols; Radiation - UV light, y - irradiation. Fermented foods - preparation of Yogurt, Streptococcus species, Lactobacillus bulgaricus; Manufacture of cheese; Pencillium roqueforti. Fermented soybean products. Microorganisms as food single cell protein, yeast, algae and fungal biomass production.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Manual of Environmental Microbiology by Hurst, Carawford. Knudsen, ASM Press.
2. Food Microbiology - Fundamentals and Frontiers by Doyle, Benchhat, Montville, ASNI Press,
3. Soil Microbiology by Alexanders. Martins
4. Microbial Ecology - Fundamentals & Applications by Benjamin - Cummings, Menlo Park.
5. Ecology by Odum.
6. Microbial Ecology: Principles, methods and applications by Levin, Seidler.
7. Microbial Ecology : Organisms, Habitats & activities by Stolp H
8. Soil Microorganisms isms and plant growth by N. Subba Rao, Oxford & IBH I Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd
9. Food Microbiology by Frazier, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited
10. Basic Food Microbiology by George I Banwart, AV Publishing company.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Previous) - Cell Biology & Enzymology - Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
Unit-1:
Organellar Biology: Structure, function biogenesis of chloroplast and mitochondria, mesosomes, lysosomes and cytoskeletal system.
Photosynthesis in bacteria and plants Organization, apparatus, electron donors & acceptors, energetics. Physico-chemical properties of bacteria - intracellular osmotic pressure, permeability of the bacterial cell. Nutrient transport - simple diffusion, active, passive and facilitated diffusion.
Unit-2:
Signal transduction in eukaryotes: Protein kinases, phosphorylation cascades, Ras pathway, MAP kinase pathway, etc. Cyclic nucleotides, CT proteins. Mechanisms of protein translocation across membranes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, coated vesicles, membrane receptors.
Unit-3:
Classical genetics - Mendel’s laws, link-age & complementation, Genetic mapping, Mitosis & Meliosis. Sex determination, sex linkage, and dosage compensation. Polymorphisms. Yeast &. Drosophila as a model organisms. Bacterial genetics - Inheritance of characteristics and variability. Phenotypic changes, due to environmental alterations. Genotypic changes. Bacterial recombination. Bacterial conjugation. Transduction - Generalized and specialized transductions. Bacterial transformation. Recombination in algae and fungi. Basic concepts in recombinant DNA technology.
Unit-4:
Outlines of enzyme classification, nomenclature, assay of enzymes and kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions - Michaelis - Menton equation, Km and Vmax values. Factors affecting enzyme reaction – pH, temperature, radiation, enzyme and substrate, concentrations, activators, coenzymes and metalloenzymes.
Unit-5:
Enzyme inhibitors, competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. Active site determination. Mechanism of action of ribonuclease, lysozyme and chymotrypsin. Isoenzymes, Regulatory enzymes – covalent modification, zymogen activation, Allosteric enzymes - ATCase, Glutamine synthetase. Hemoglobin & Myoglobin.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Cell Biology by De Robertis, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2. Genetics by Gardenier.
3. Genetics by Tamrin.
4. Genetics by Strickberger.
5. Enzymes, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Clinical Chemistry by Trevor Palmer Harward Publishing Limited
6. Fundamentals of Enzymology, Nicholas C. Price, Lewis Stevens, Oxford University Press
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Previous) - Microbial Physiology Metabolism - Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
UNIT-I
Major Biomolecules: Carbohydrates - Classification, chemistry, properties and function - mono, di, oligo and polysaccharides. Conjugated polysaccharides- glycoproteins, muriens and lipopolysaccharides. Lipids - classification, chemistry, properties and function - free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids & waxes. Conjugated lipids - lipoproteins. Major steroids of biological importance - prostaglandins.
UNIT-II
Amino acids and proteins - classification, structure and function. Essential amino acids & amphoteric nature of amino acids. Reactions and functions of carboxy and amino groups and side chains. Peptide structure Ramachandran’s plot. Methods for isolation and characterization of proteins. Structural levels of proteins - Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, denaturation of proteins - Hydrolysis of proteins.
Protein sequencing using various methods. Nucleic acids - structure, function and their properties. Structural polymorphism of DNA, RNA. Structural characteristics of RNA.
UNIT - III
Nutritional types - autotrophic bacteria, chemosynthetic and photo synthetic micro organisms, Heterotrophic bacteria - saprophytes, parasites and mixotrophs. Respiration in bacteria - aerobic and anaerobic types of Respiration, obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes. Toxic effect of oxygen on anaerobes. Bioluminescence in microorganisms. Carbohydrate metabolism in microbes - synthesis of Carbohydrate in photosynthetic, chemosynthetic and heterotrophic microbes. Fermentation of carbohydrates by microorganisms - Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, C2-C4 split Pathway Kreb’s cycle, glyoxylate cycle, hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP), gluconeogenesis, synthesis of peptidoglcans and glycoproteins.
UNIT-IV
The Electron Transport Chain (ETS), mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors of ETS and oxidative phosporylation. Lipid metabolism in bacteria. Metabolism of triglycerides, biosynthesis & β -oxidation of fatty acids. Mineral metabolism - phosphorus, potassium, calcium and Trace elements – molybdenum, zinc, manganese, cobalt and copper. Influence of minerals on the production of toxins. Role of trace on microbial enzymes.
UNIT – V
Metabolism of amino acids - Biosynthesis and catabolism of histidine, aromatic and branched chain amino acids by microbes. Biosynthesis and catabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, salvage pathways. Sources, Chemistry and biochemical functions of water soluble vitamins. Chemistry of Porphyrins - Heme, Cytochromes, Chlorophylls, Bacteriochlorophylls algal pigment.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1 . Text book of Biochemistry by West E.S. Tood. Oxford & IBM Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd
2. Biochemistry by Donald Voet, Judith G Voet, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
3. Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer.
4. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger, Nelson & Cox, CBS Publishing & Distributors.
5. Biochemistry by I Harper McGraw Hill
6. Principles of Biochemistry by Cohn & Stamph, John Wilcy & sons Inc
7. Biochemistry of Nucleic acids by Davidson.
8. Biological chemistry by I-, Mullar & Cords
9. Biochemistry by White, Handler & Smith.
10. Microbial Physiology by Moat
11. Bacterial Metaboism by Dwelley
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,M.Sc Microbiology (Previous) - General Microbiology - Syllabus
Periods/week: 4
Duration of Examination: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
UNIT - 1
Scope, history and development of Microbiology. Contributions of Van Leeuwenhock- Joseph Lister, Pasteur, Koch, Jenner, Winogradsky, Beijernick. Further developments of Microbiology. Identification, characterization and classification of microorganisms. Distinguishing characteristics between prokarvotic and eukarvotic cells.
UNIT - 2
Morphology, Ultra structure and chemical composition of bacteria, actinomycetes, spirochetes, rickettsiae, mycoplasma, fungi, yeast and Archaebacteria. Classification of bacteria. Extremophiles. Bacterial nutrition and growth kinetics; synchronous and continuous cultures. Growth measurement methods including measurements of NAD, ATP, DNA, and Protein, CO2 liberated O2, consumed, extracellular enzymes - bacteria, fungi, yeast. Reproduction in bacteria & spore formation.
UNIT - 3
Fungi: General characters, classification) and life cycle of Pencillium, Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Neurospora, Puccinia.
Algae: General Characters, thallus structure, classification, reproduction. Characteristics of selected groups - blue-green algae, dinoflagellates. Ecological distribution and their economic importance.
Protozoa: Distinguishing characters of different phyla, general morphology, intracellular structures, nutritional requirements and reproduction. Pathogenic protozoa.
UNIT - 4
Viruses: Structure, nomenclature and classification of Viruses. DNA and RNA viruses. Methods of detection, cultivation - chick embryo, animal inoculation, tissue culture, quantification, propagation and maintenance of viruses. Viral coefficient.
Plant Viruses - classification, structure and replication - TMV cauliflower mosaic virus. Bacteriophages structure and replication - T-even and T-odd series .
UNIT - 5
Methods of sterilization: Physical and chemical agents, radiation & filtration, indicator microorganism’s for sterilization methods. Cultivation of microorganisms, Microbiological media, enriched medium, enrichment medium, transport medium, selective medium & pure culture techniques. Methods of preservation and “maintenance of cultures. Methods of identification and characterization of bacteria staining techniques - simple, differential-staining techniques of microorganisms, spores and capsules. (Morphological, nutritional, metabolic, cultural, antigenic and genetic characteristics).
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. General Microbiology by R.Y. Stanier, John L. Ingraham and Mark L. Wheelis pagex, Mc Millian Press
2. Principles of Microbiology by Ronald M. Atlas, Me Graw Hill.
3. Microbiology by Michael J. Pcleczar, Chan and Krieg, Mac Graw Hill.
4. Fundamentals of Microbiology by Edward Alcamo, Jones and Bariett Publishers.
5. Brock- Biology of Microorganisms by Madigan, Martina and Parker, Prentice Hall.
6. Microbiology principles & Applications - J.J. Black, John Wiley, Prentice Hall
7. An introduction to Fungi - H.C. Dube : Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
8. Introductory Mycology - C.J. Alexopoules
9. Structure & reproduction of the algae by F.E.Fristsch
10. Products & Properties of Algae by Zizac
11. Plant Virology by Smith
12. Microbiology by Tortora Funke Case, Addison Wesley Longman.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,MBA (Distance Mode) - IInd Year : MBDM 207 : Management Of Information Systems
I. Information for Decision making : Decision Marketing – Conceptual Foundation of Information Systems - Information Resource Management
II. System Development: Overview of Systems Analysis & Design – System Development Life Cycle - Designing on Line & distributed Environment - Design Consideration - Implementation and Control of Project.
III. Computer Networks Networks & Data Communications : Trends in Information -Technology - Hardware Software - Date Communication Concepts - Computer Networks.
IV. Managing Corporation Date Resource : Organizing Data Relational Data Base management Systems - Query Language DRIVIS implementation and Future Trends.
V. Case Studies: A Case Study on Computer Applications -Aspects of Information Technology and Policy Making and the Caribbean Community - Computerization at IFFCO.
Further Readings :
1. Dickson, Gary W and James C. Wetherbe 1985. The Management ()I I i iformation System, MGH, New Delhi ; 2. Award Elias M, 1990, Systems Analysis and Design, Richard D. Inwing Inc.,;
3. Black Upless D. Data Gottimunications and Distributed Networks;
4. Atre S, Data base Mn idural Techniques for Design, Performance & Management John Wiky A Sow; 1980;
5. Bhatnagar SC and KV Ramadevi, 1991 Computers and Information Management, A Primer for Practicing Managers, PHI, New
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,MBA (Distance Mode) - IInd Year : MBDM 206 - Business Policy & Strategic Management
I. Corporate Strategy and Planning : Concept of Corporate Strategy - The 7-S Framework - Corporate Policy and Planning in India .
II Corporate Management: Board of Directors: Role and Function - Top Management: Role and Skills.
III Swot Analysis: Environmental Analysis -Competitive Analysis - Internal Corporate Analysis.
IV. Strategic Analysis: Cost Analysis- Portfolio Analysis and Display Matrices - Operating and Financial Analysis.
V. Organisational Development and Change: Strategic alternatives - diversifications - Mergers and Acquisitions.
VI. Implementation and Evaluation of Strategy : Implementa. ion of Strategy - Evaluation and control of Strategy - Turnaround Management.
VII. Case Studies : Nalanda State Small Industries Corporation Ltd., - Hindustan Tractors Ltd - Raj Vardhan Enterprises - Hindustan Special Tubes Ltd - Indian Petro - Chemicals Corporation Ltd Punjab Tractors Ltd - HMT Watch Division.
Further Readings :
1. Melvin J. Stanford: Management Policy;
2. New Man and Logan Business Policies and Central Management;
3. Michel Porter : Competitive Advantage;
4. Cliff Bowman & David Asch : Strategic Management;
5. Lawrence Jauch & W.F. Glueck: Business Policy and Strategic Management;
6. Nanjundaiah: Strategic Planning and Business Policy;
7. Ghosh P.K.,-. Business Policy and Strategic Planning;
8. Andrews, Kenneth R. 1971. The Concept of Corporate Strategy;
9. Ansoff H. Igor, 1965, Corporate Strategy; and Analytical approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion;
10. Christenson, CR etal, 1987, Business Policy: Test and Cases;
11. Porter, Michael E, 1980, Competitive Strategy.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,MBA (Distance Mode) - IInd Year : MBDM 205 - Operations Research
I. Introduction to OR : OR - An Overview - Reviews of Probability - mid Statistics.
II. Programming Technology - Linear Programming and Applications: Linear Programming- Graphical Method -Linear Programming - Simplex Method - Transportahion Problem Assignment Problem.
III. Queuing Theory : Basic concepts - Importance of Probability - Models - M/M/P model and application.
IV. Programming Techniques - Further Applications : Goal Programming - Integer Programming - Dynamic Programming Non-Linear Programming.
V. Game Theory, Simulation and Network Models: Competitive Situations; Game Theory - Simulation - PERT and CP.
Further Readings :
1. F.S. Hillerand G.J. Lieberman : Introduction to Operations Research Holden - Day Inc., San Francisco;
2. Cook, T.M. and R.A. Hussel: Introduction to Management Science, Prentice-Hall, Englewood - Cliffs;
3. Gupta M.P. and J.K. Sharma, Operations Research for Management, National Publishing House, New Delhi; 4. Lock D. Project Management Handbook, Gower, London;
5. Dennerbring, D.G. and M.K. Starr, Management Science-McGraw Hill Book company, New Delhi;
6. Cook; William P., Quantitative Methods for Management Decisions, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,MBA (Distance Mode) - IInd Year : MBDM 204 - Marketing Management
I. Marketing and its Applications : Introduction to Marketing J Marketing in a Developing Economy - Marketing of Services.
II. Marketing Planning and Organisation: Planning Marketing Mix - Market Segmentation - Marketing Organisations - Marketing Research and its Applications.
III. Understanding Customers : Determinants of consumer - Behavior - Models of Consumer Behaviour - Indian Consumer Environment.
IV. Production Management : Product Decisions and Strategies - Product Life Cycle and New Product Development - Branding and Packing Decisions.
V. Pricing and Promotion Strategy: Pricing Policies and Practices - Marketing Communications - Advertising and Publicity Personnel Selling and sales Promotion.
VI. Distribution and Public Policy: Sales Forecasting – Distribution Strategy - Managing Sales Personnel - Marketing and Public Policy.
Further Readings :
1. Philip Kotler; Marketing Management - Analysis, Planning and Control;
2. Stanton W.J : Fundamentals of Marketing;
3. J.C. Gandhi; Marketing - A Managerial Approach;
4. Ramaswamy & Namkumari; Marketing Management in the Indian Context;
5. Ramanuji Majumdar; Product Kindra, GS (ed) 1995, Marketing in Developing Countries.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,MBA (Distance Mode) - IInd Year : MBDM 203 - Production Management
I. Operations Management: An Overview.
II. Facilities Planning : Product Selection - Process Selection – Facilities - Location - Facilities layout and Materials Handling Capacity Planning.
III. Operations Planning and Control; Planning and Control for Mass Production - Planning and Control for Batch Production - Planning and Control of Projects - Maintenance Management.
IV. Value Engineering and Quality Assurance: Value Engineering – Quality Assurance.
V. Materials Management : Purchase Systems and Procedure Inventory Management and Control; Deterministic and Probabilistic Models - Stores Management - Standardisation, Codification and Variety Reduction - Waste Management.
Further Reading :
1. Everett E. Adam, Jr. and Ronals, J.E. Ebert, Production and Operation’s Management,, Concepts, Models and Behaviour,
2. S.N. Chary, Production and Operation’s Management.
3. Elwood S. Buffa, Modern Production Management, Maclain JO and U Thomas, 1995. Operations Management.
Andhra University Post Graduation Program,MBA (Distance Mode) - IInd Year : MBDM 202 - Human Resource Management
I. Planning Personnel Function: Human Resource Development Systems - Personnel Management Environment in India Functions and Operations of Personnel Office - Manpower Planning,
II. Employee Selection, Development and Growth: Recruitment, Selection and Introduction - Staff Training and Development Planning.
III. Motivation, Job Design and Appraisal : Motivation and Productivity - Job Description, Analysis and Evaluation Employees Motivation and Job Environment - Performance Monitoring and Appraisal.
IV. Compensation Planning: Economic Background and Employees compensation - Laws and Rules Governing Employee Benefits and Welfare - Compensation and Salary Administration.
V. Managing Industrial Relations: Regulatory Mechanism Guiding - Industrial Relations - Employee Discipline - Suspensions, Dismissal and retrenchment - Employee Grievance Handling.
VI. Union and Management : Trade Unionism - Employers’ Association - Collective Bargaining - Industrial Conflict Resolution - Industrial Democracy and Workers Participation in Management.
Further Readings :
1. Edwin B. Flippo : Personnel Management;
2. Dale Yoder Personnel Management and Industrial Relations;
3. Keith Davis; Human Resource Management;
4. Pigors & Mayers; Personnel Administrations;
5. C.B. Memoria, Personnel Management;
6. Arun Monappa; Personnel Management;
7. TN. Bhagoliwala; Human Resource Management;
8. Suri GK, 1976 Productivity, wages and Industrial Relations;
9. Dayal S. 1980, Industrial Relations System in India ;
10. Monappa A, 1985, Industrial Relations.